INI-CET High Yield Questions for PSM

Mastering the INI-CET demands a strategic approach to preparation, with an emphasis on high-yield topics proving to be a successful tactic. This blog zeroes in on exactly that – a curated list of high-yield questions in pediatrics that are highly likely to appear on the INI-CET. By acquainting yourself with these questions and their detailed explanations, you'll deepen your understanding of PSM concepts, enhancing your confidence and readiness for exam day.

1. A health worker is conducting a polio vaccination drive in a village. She works in a primary health center and carries the vaccine in a vaccine carrier during the day. Which of the following statements is correct about the storage of vaccines in a cold chain?

1. The temperature of vaccines can be maintained by carriers for up to 36 hours.
2. Large deep freezers – Used to prepare ice packs at the temperature (-25°C to -30°C).
3. Small ILR contains up to 140 liters.
4. Vaccines are stored using a vaccine carrier.

Correct Option C- Small ILR contains up to 140 liters:

• This statement correctly describes the capacity of ILR, which is 140 liters.

Subcenter / village level	Vaccines are not stored but Carried using a Vaccine carrier. Day carrier / Ice packs	Temperature of vaccines can be maintained by carriers for up to 24 to 48 hours only and ice packs up to 1-4 hours
Primary health centers	Small ILR (Ice Lined Refrigerators) Contains up to 140 liters Stored up to 1 month	Small DF (Deep Freezer)- Only used to prepare the ice packs (-15°C to -25°C)
CHC / Sub District Hospital / District hospital	Large ILR Contains 300 liters capacity. Stored up to 1 month	Large deep freezers – Used to prepare ice packs at the temperature (-15°C to -25°C)
National, State, and Regional level	Walk in cold rooms Maintain the temperature of the vaccine for up to 3 months	Walk in freezers Maintain the temperature by using ice packs for a longer time.

Incorrect Options:

Option A- The temperature of vaccines can be maintained by carriers for up to 36 hours:

• The temperature of vaccines can be maintained by carriers for up to 24 to 48 hours, not 36 hours.

Option B- Large deep freezers – Used to prepare ice packs at the temperature (-25°C to -30°C).

• This is incorrect; large deep freezers are used to prepare ice packs at temperatures of -15°C to -25°C.

Option D- Vaccines are stored using a vaccine carrier.

• This is incorrect; vaccines are not stored but carried using a vaccine carrier.

2. A study was conducted to assess the prevalence of diabetes in three different age groups (20-30 years, 31-50 years, and over 50 years) within a community. Health workers visited each household, collected information on age and diabetes status, and compared the prevalence across the age groups. What type of study design is represented here?

1. Cohort study
2. Cross-sectional study
3. Case-control study
4. Longitudinal study

Correct Option B - Cross-sectional study: 

• A cross-sectional study is a type of observational and analytical study that involves the collection of data from a population or a representative subset at a single point in time to examine the relationship between variables such as age and disease prevalence. In this scenario, the study assesses the prevalence of diabetes across different age groups within the community at a specific point in time.

Incorrect Options:

Option A - Cohort study: This study design follows a group of individuals over a period of time to observe how certain factors, such as exposure to a risk factor, influence the development of a particular outcome.

the participants are divided into two groups, exposed and unexposed to look for disease development.

Option C - Case-control study: This design compares individuals with a particular condition (cases) to those without the condition (controls) to identify factors associated with the condition.

Option D - Longitudinal study: This study design involves collecting data from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time.

3. In a rural community, a public health researcher is conducting a study to assess the population dynamics and demographic indicators. As part of the study, the researcher is calculating various demographic parameters to understand the population structure and its changes over time. What is the formula for calculating the demographic gap?

1. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - Crude Death Rate (CDR)
2. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) + Crude Death Rate (CDR)
3. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) / Crude Death Rate (CDR)
4. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) x Crude Death Rate (CDR).

Correct Option A - Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - Crude Death Rate (CDR):

• This option represents the demographic gap, which is calculated by subtracting the Crude Death Rate (CDR) from the Crude Birth Rate (CBR).
• It indicates the difference between the number of births and deaths per 1,000 individuals in a population over a specified period.
• A positive value suggests population growth, while a negative value indicates a decline.

Incorrect Options

Option B - Crude Birth Rate (CBR) + Crude Death Rate (CDR):.

Option C - Crude Birth Rate (CBR) / Crude Death Rate (CDR):

Option D - Crude Birth Rate (CBR) x Crude Death Rate (CDR):

these options do not represent the demographic gap or difference between births and deaths.

4. A newborn is being assessed post delivery, the pediatrician tells the intern that the newborn is “ at risk”. Which of the following signs might have prompted the pediatrician to make this remark about the infant ?

1. Diarrhea
2. Birth weight : 3 kg
3. Grade 1 malnutrition
4. Child of diabetic mother

Correct Option A - Diarrhea:

• This is one of the inclusive criterias for “ at risk “ infants.

Incorrect Options:

Option B - Birth weight: 3 kg:

• Birth weight <2.5 kg is inclusive for “ at risk “ infants.

Option C - Grade 1 malnutrition:

• It is incorrect as II- and III-degree malnutrition (weight <70% of expected weight) puts the child in “ at risk “ infants category.

Option D - Child of diabetic mother:

• It is incorrect as the child of diabetic mother won’t be inclusive for the “at risk”infants category.

5. A 32-year-old woman presents to a vision center complaining of difficulty seeing at night. Upon further inquiry, she mentioned living in a poorly lit area without proper street lighting. The healthcare provider suspects her vision impairment might be due to inadequate lighting conditions. What is the unit of illuminance?

1. Lambert
2. Lux
3. Lumen
4. Candela

Correct Option B- Lux:

• What is perceived as light is a narrow wavelength band of electromagnetic radiation from about 380 to 780 nm. Light containing all visible waves is perceived as white.
• There are four measures of importance in the context of measuring light.
• The four measures are:
  • Illumination or illuminance: It is the amount of light reaching a surface measured in lux per unit area.
  • Brightness or luminance: It is the amount of light reflected from a surface measured in lamberts.
  • Luminous intensity: It is the power of a light source considered as a point radiating in all directions. This is measured as candela or candle power.
  • Luminous flux: It is the flow of light related to a unit of solid angle measured in lumen.

Incorrect Options

Options A, C, and D- (Lambert, Lumen & Candela):

• These units are already described in the correct answer explanation and are not the units of measurement for illuminance.

Also Read: INI-CET Previous Year Question Papers

6. A 40-year-old male presents to the community health center complaining of hearing loss. Upon examination, you suspect noise-induced hearing loss due to his occupation as a heavy machinery operator. You decide to perform an evaluation. Which of the following devices is depicted in the image and is most appropriate for assessing his hearing?

1. Audiometer
2. Noise dosimeter
3. Handheld microphone
4. Octave band analyzer

Correct Option A- Audiometer:

• The image is of an audiometer.
• An audiometer is a device used to evaluate a person's hearing sensitivity across different frequencies.
• It typically consists of headphones for the patient to wear and a control panel for the healthcare provider to adjust the frequency and intensity of the sounds being presented to the patient.
• The audiometer is essential for diagnosing various types and degrees of hearing loss by measuring the patient's hearing thresholds.

Incorrect Options:

Option B- Noise dosimeter:

• A noise dosimeter is a device used to measure and record the noise exposure of an individual over a period of time, typically in an occupational setting.
• It is worn by the individual and calculates the cumulative noise dose received, which is useful for assessing the risk of noise-induced hearing loss over time.
• While important for evaluating the risk of hearing loss in occupations with high noise exposure, it is not used for direct assessment of hearing sensitivity like an audiometer.

Option C- Handheld microphone:

• A handheld microphone is a handheld device with a microphone.
• It is used to measure the intensity of sound in decibels.

Option D- Octave band analyzer:

• An octave band analyzer is a device used to measure the frequency spectrum of sound, typically in octave or fractional octave bands.
• It is useful for analyzing the characteristics of noise sources, such as machinery or environmental noise, by breaking down the sound into its component frequencies.
• While it can provide valuable information about the frequency content of noise, it is not used to assess hearing sensitivity like an audiometer directly.

7. A community medicine professor is delivering a lecture to a group of third-year medical students on the importance of sanitation in preventing the spread of communicable diseases. During the lecture, she mentions various aspects of effective teaching methods. Which among the following is an incorrect statement about a Lecture?

1. Also known as the chalk-and-talk method
2. Theoretically, it is one-way or didactic
3. The size of the group should be not more than 50 people
4. The duration of the lecture should be 15- 20 minutes

Correct Option C - The size of the group should not be more than 50 people:

• While smaller group sizes can facilitate better interaction and engagement, there is no strict rule regarding the maximum size of a lecture group.
• However, in general, the size of the group should not be more than 30 people (ideally).
• In some cases, lectures may be delivered to much larger audiences, especially in settings like conferences or seminars.

Incorrect Options:

Option A - Also known as the chalk-and-talk method:

• The term "chalk-and-talk" refers to the traditional method of teaching where the instructor uses a chalkboard or whiteboard to deliver the lecture content.

Option B - Theoretically, it is one-way or didactic:

• In a lecture format, the instructor typically presents information in a one-way manner to the audience without much interaction or feedback.

Option D - The duration of the lecture should be 15- 20 minutes:

• While shorter lectures can help maintain attention and focus, the duration of a lecture can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the audience's attention span.
• Lectures can range from a few minutes to several hours, with some spanning multiple sessions.
• The ideal duration, however, is 15-20 minutes.

8. A 24 year old woman wants to switch her contraceptive method. She is currently on OCP’s, she is bothered by breast tenderness and nausea associated with OCP use. Her menstrual cycle is regular but she has menorrhagia. She wants to continue hormonal methods of contraception. Which of the following will be an ideal contraceptive for her?

1. Reassure and continue OCP’s
2. Condom
3. IUD
4. NUVA ring

Correct Option D- NUVA Ring:

• This is the correct answer as NUVA ring is a hormonal contraceptive which has low incidence of estrogenic side effects such as nausea and breast tenderness.

Incorrect Options:

Option A- Reassure and continue OCP’s

• This is not the correct approach as she already is complaining about nausea and breast tenderness associated with OCP use.

Option B- Condom:

• This patient wants to continue hormonal methods of contraception. Condoms are a barrier method of contraception.

Option C- IUD:

• IUDs can worsen this patient’s menorrhagia.
• Hence they should be avoided.

9. India was the first country to launch the first National Program for Control of Blindness. It was launched to continue the National Program for Trachoma Control and was 100% centrally sponsored. What is the launch year of the NPCB?

1. 1976
2. 1966
3. 1956
4. 1946

Correct Option A - 1976:

• The National Program for Control of Blindness was launched in the year 1976 as a hundred percent centrally sponsored program and incorporates the earlier trachoma control program started in the year 1968.
• NPCB was launched with the goal of reducing the prevalence of blindness from 1.4 to 0.3 percent.
• Main objectives of the program in the 12th Five-Year Plan period are:
  • To continue three ongoing signature activities - performance of 66 lakh cataract surgeries per year – school eye screening and distribution of 9 lakh free spectacles per year to school children – collection of 50,000 donated eyes per year for keratoplasty.
  • To reduce the backlog of avoidable blindness through the identification and treatment of curable blind
  • Develop and strengthen “Eye Health for All” and prevent visual impairment
  • Strengthen and upgrade Regional Institutes of Ophthalmology
  • Strengthen existing infrastructure facilities and develop additional human resources
  • To enhance community awareness of eye care
  • Increase research for the prevention of blindness
  • To secure the participation of NGOs/private practitioners in delivering eye care

Incorrect Options:

Options B, C, D:

• These do not indicate the years when the National Program for Control of Blindness was launched.

10. A group of students was studying man-made disasters. They discussed a man-made disaster that occurred due to the leak of methyl isocyanate from a pesticide plant in Bhopal. Which among the following is the date on which the disaster occurred?

1. 3^rd December 1984
2. 5^th December 1983
3. 4^th December 1985
4. 6^th December 1986

Correct Option A - 3^rd December 1984:

• The Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the world's worst industrial disasters, which occurred on December 03, 1984, in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
• A methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leak from the Union Carbide pesticide plant resulted in the exposure of thousands of people to toxic gases.
• This catastrophic event led to immediate fatalities and long-term health consequences for survivors, including respiratory issues, neurological disorders, and various other health complications.

Incorrect Options:

Option B, C & D:

• These are not the dates on which the Bhopal gas tragedy occurred

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