Behcet's Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment and Complications

Behcet's disease, commonly known as Behcet's syndrome, is an uncommon illness that results in inflammation of blood vessels all throughout the body.

The disease may cause numerous indications and symptoms that initially appear unconnected. These can include vaginal sores, eye irritation, mouth sores, and skin rashes and lesions.

Medication is used in treatment to lessen Behcet's disease signs and symptoms and to stop major side effects like blindness.

Causes Of Behcet's Disease

An autoimmune illness, in which the body's immune system unintentionally targets some of its healthy cells, may be the cause of Behcet's disease. Both environmental and genetic factors probably have an impact.

Vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels, is thought to be the cause of Behcet's illness signs and symptoms. All diameters of arteries and veins may be affected by the disease, causing damage to them all over the body.

Numerous genes have been discovered to be connected to the illness. Some experts think that among individuals who carry specific genes that predispose them to Behcet's disease, a virus or bacteria may cause the illness.

Symptoms Of Behcet's Disease

The symptoms of Behcet's disease can vary from person to person, appear and disappear, or lessen with time. Symptoms and indicators vary based on the body parts impacted.

The following areas are frequently impacted by Behcet's disease:

• Mouth: Canker-like sores that hurt the mouth are the most typical symptom of Behcet's disease. They start off as spherical, elevated sores in the mouth and develop into excruciating ulcers very fast. Though they do return, the sores typically heal in one to three weeks.
• Skin: Some people get body sores that resemble pimples. Others experience red, elevated, and sensitive skin nodules, particularly on the lower limbs.
• Genitalia: Either the vulva or the scrotum may develop red, open sores. In most cases, the sores hurt and may leave scars.
• Eyes: Uveitis, or inflammation of the eye, usually affects both eyes and is characterized by redness, discomfort, and blurred vision. Behcet's disease might flare up and go away in certain patients.
• Joints: In patients with Behcet's disease, the knees are frequently affected by joint swelling and pain. There may also be involvement in the wrists, elbows, or ankles. The symptoms and signs may subside independently after one to three weeks.
• Blood vessels: When a blood clot forms as a result of inflammation in the veins and arteries, the arms and legs may enlarge, hurt, and turn red. Large artery inflammation can result in consequences including aneurysms and vascular constriction or obstruction.
• Digestive system: The digestive system can be affected by a wide range of indications and symptoms, such as diarrhea, bleeding, and stomach pain.
• Brain: Headache, fever, disorientation, poor balance, and stroke can all be symptoms of inflammation in the brain and nervous system.

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Risk Factors  Of Behcet's Disease

Behcet's disease risk factors include the following:

• Age: Although it can also strike adolescents and elderly adults, Behcet's illness most typically strikes men and women in their 20s and 30s.
• Race: An increased risk of developing Behcets is seen in individuals from the Middle East and East Asia, including China, Japan, Iran, Turkey, and Iran.
• Sex: Men and women can both have Behcet's illness, however men typically have a more severe case of the condition.
• Genetics: An increased risk of Behcet's disease is linked to specific gene combinations.

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Diagnosis  Of Behcet's Disease

In order to diagnose Behcet's disease, there is no test, thus your doctor will mostly rely on your symptoms. Since mouth sores are a common symptom of the disorder, a diagnosis of Behcet's disease often requires the presence of mouth sores that have returned at least three times in the previous 12 months.

Furthermore, at least two further symptoms are needed to diagnose Behcet's disease, such as:

• Recurrent genital sores
• inflammation of the eyes
• lesions on the skin

Some tests that you may require are:

• Other disorders may be ruled out with blood testing or other laboratory procedures.
• Pathergy test: your doctor will pierce your skin with a sterile needle and check the area one to two days later. A tiny red bump appears beneath your skin where the needle was put if the test is positive. This suggests that your immune system is exaggerating a small wound.

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Treatment Of Behcet's Disease

Behcet's disease has no known cure. Should your condition be minor, your physician may recommend taking medication to manage the discomfort and swelling during episodes. In between flare-ups, you may not need to take medication.

Together with drugs for flare-ups, your doctor may recommend drugs to manage the overall course of your Behcet's illness if your symptoms are more severe.

You may take the following medications to manage the symptoms and signs you experience during flare-ups:

• Ointments, gels, and creams for the skin. Direct application of topical corticosteroid medications reduces inflammation and pain in skin and genital sores.
• Mouth Rinses: The discomfort associated with mouth sores may be lessened using certain mouthwashes containing corticosteroids and other medications.
• Eye Drops: If your inflammation is modest, you can get relief from discomfort and redness in your eyes using eyedrops that include corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory medications.

For recurrent oral and vaginal sores, your doctor may prescribe colchicine (Colcrys, Mitigare) if topical treatments are ineffective. Colchicine may also help reduce swelling in the joints.

Treatments for severe forms of Behcet's illness are necessary to manage the disease's damage in between flare-ups. If your Behcet's illness is mild to severe, your doctor may recommend:

corticosteroids to reduce swelling. Prednisone is one of the corticosteroids used to lessen the inflammation brought on by Behcet's disease. To reduce immune system activity, doctors frequently prescribe them in combination with other medications.

• Weight gain, chronic heartburn, elevated blood pressure, and osteoporosis a weakening of the bones are among the side effects of corticosteroids.
• Immune System Suppressing Medications: Medication that stops your immune system from attacking healthy tissues can lessen the inflammation linked to Behcet's illness. Cyclosporine, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide are a few examples of these medications. These medications may raise your infection risk. Low blood counts, elevated blood pressure, and liver and kidney issues are additional potential adverse effects.
• Drugs that Alter the Reaction of the Immune System: Your immune system's activation is regulated by interferon alfa-2b (Intron A), which helps to manage inflammation. For those with Behcet's disease, it can be taken alone or in combination with other medications to help manage skin sores, joint pain, and ocular inflammation. Flu-like symptoms and indicators, such as tiredness and muscular aches, are among the side effects.

Some of Behcet's symptoms can be effectively treated with medications that suppress a chemical called tumor necrosis factor (TNF), particularly in cases where the patient's symptoms are more severe or refractory. A few examples are adalimumab (Humira) and infliximab (Remicade). Headache, skin rash, and an elevated risk of infections are possible side effects.

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Complications Of Behcet's Disease

 Your signs and symptoms will determine whether you have Behcet's illness complications. For example, blindness or reduced vision can result with untreated uveitis. Individuals who exhibit signs and symptoms of Behcet's illness in their eyes should see an ophthalmologist on a frequent basis since treatment can help avoid this problem.

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