Coat Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Stages, Diagnosis and Treatment

Coat disease is an uncommon eye disease characterized by abnormal blood vessel development in the retina. As the retina sends light images to the brain, the retina, which is located at the back of the eye, is essential to vision.

Patients with Coats disease have retinal capillaries ruptured which leaks fluid into the back of the eye. As the fluid builds up, the retina expands. This could lead to a partial or complete detachment of the retina, which could worsen vision or cause blindness in the affected eye.

The condition often only affects one eye. It is usually diagnosed in children. Even though the exact cause is unknown, getting early treatment may help you keep your vision intact.

What Are The Causes Of Coats Disease?

The precise cause of Coats disease is unknown. A mutation in the Norrie disease protein (NDP) gene is thought to be the cause of Coats disease. This gene is necessary for the formation of retinal blood vessels. 

Despite a single study's suggestion that the NDP gene might be involved in Coats disease, additional research has not been able to verify this theory. The widespread opinion is that coat disease is not genetic or heritable.

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What Are The Symptoms of Coats Disease?

Symptoms and signs typically start in childhood. Some people experience severe symptoms right away, even though they may start mild. Indicators and symptoms include:

• Similar to the red eye, the yellow-eye effect can be observed in flash photography
• Strabismus or crossed eyes.
• Loss of depth perception due to leukocoria, a white mass behind the eye's lens
• Degradation of the vision

Subsequent signs could be:

• Reddish iris discoloration
• Cataract
• Glaucoma
• Retinal detachment
• Uveitis, or inflammation of the eyes
• Eyeball atrophy

While both eyes may be affected, symptoms typically only affect one.

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Stages Of Coat Disease 

There are five stages to the degenerative illness known as coat disease.

• Stage 1: The doctor can observe that you have abnormal blood vessels with early-stage Coats disease, but they haven't ruptured yet.
• Stage 2: Fluid drainage from the blood vessels into the retina has started. Your vision may be normal even if the drainage is minor. If the leak is major, you may already be losing a significant amount of eyesight. The accumulation of fluids increases the risk of retinal detachment.
• Stage 3: Either the complete or partial retina is detached.
• Stage 4: Glaucoma, or elevated eye pressure develops in this stage.
• Stage 5: The damaged eye is blind in advanced Coats disease. Phthisis bulbi, or atrophy of the eyeball, or cataracts, another type of lens clouding, might also have developed in you.

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How is Coat Disease Diagnosed?

See your doctor as soon as possible if you or your child exhibits signs of Coats disease. Your vision may be preserved with early intervention. Furthermore, the symptoms can be mistaken for those of other potentially fatal illnesses including retinoblastoma.

After a comprehensive eye examination, the symptoms and medical history are reviewed and a diagnosis is reached. Imaging exams like this might be part of diagnostic testing.

• CT scan
• Retinal fluorescein angiography
• Echography

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Treatment Of Coats Disease

The condition known as coats progresses. Some vision can be restored with prompt medical attention. Among the available treatments are:

Photocoagulation (laser surgery)

In this process, blood vessels are either destroyed or shrunk using a laser. This procedure could be done in an office setting or at an outpatient facility by your doctor.

Cryosurgery

An instrument called a cryoprobe, which generates extreme cold, is guided by imaging tests. It is applied to aberrant blood vessels to form a scar that helps prevent further leaks. Here are some tips for getting ready and what to anticipate during recovery.

Intravitreal injection

If you're having a local anesthetic, your doctor could inject corticosteroids into your eye to help with inflammation reduction. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections have the potential to reduce edema and inhibit the creation of new blood vessels. Injections might be given to you in the physician's office.

Vitrectomy

The vitreous gel is removed during this surgical procedure, facilitating better access to the retina. Learn more about the procedure and effective healing techniques.

Scleral buckling

This procedure is often performed in a hospital operating room, and it involves reattaching the retina.

You must be closely observed, regardless of the treatment you receive.

As Coats disease progresses, atrophy of the eyeball may need surgical extraction of the injured eye. This process is known as enucleation.

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