Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Causes, Treatment, and Symptoms

AUB is defined as uterine bleeding that lasts longer than normal or happens at an atypical time. It's possible for bleeding to be more frequent or sporadic, heavier or lighter than usual.
AUB may occur as :

• Similar to spotting or bleeding between periods.
• For longer than your usual period of time after having sex.
• Heavy bleeding compared to usual bleeding.
• Bleeding after menopause

Abnormal uterine bleeding does not occur during pregnancy. Various factors can contribute to bleeding during pregnancy. Make sure to inform your healthcare professional if you experience any bleeding while pregnant.

Causes Of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Abnormal uterine bleeding can have a number of causes, including:

• Hormonal changes. The most frequent factor for irregular uterine bleeding is hormone-related issues. Ovulation, the release of an egg from one of the ovaries, triggers the body to produce and subsequently eliminate the endometrium, the lining of y uterus. 
  An excessive amount of thickness of endometrium can develop in adolescent girls and adults who are approaching menopause. This might cause spotting between periods, irregular or heavy menstruation, or both.
  Hormones can be disrupted by these factors as well:
  • Birth control pills, as well as other medications like warfarin and hormone replacement treatment
  • Loss or gain of weight quickly
  • Stress that is physical or emotional
  • IUDs( intrauterine devices)
  • PCOS
• Complications with the uterus- Physical issues with the uterus could also be the cause of irregular bleeding. Fibroids, which are benign tumors that develop in the uterine muscles, are a common condition in millions of women.
• Polyps and adenomyosis can lead to abnormal uterine bleeding 
• Abnormal bleeding may also result from endometriosis. During this process, tissue similar to the kind that lines the interior of your uterus grows outside of it.
• Other medical issues-  However, irregular uterine bleeding can also happen from considerably less frequent causes like:
  • Cervical, endometrial, or uterine cancer
  • Ailments that impact your thyroid, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, or lungs
  • Cervical or endometrial infection
  • sexually transmissible conditions

Symptoms Of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

The symptoms of abnormal uterine bleeding can differ. Some symptoms that indicate  that your bleeding might be unusual include:

• heavy menstrual bleeding, formerly known as menorrhagia.
• bleeding that occurs at odd times (for as between periods or after sexual activity).
• unusually long intervals (seven days or more).
• irregular cycles of the menstrual cycle.

Diagnosis Of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

It can be beneficial to keep thorough records throughout a few cycles so you can provide the doctor with precise details about your symptoms. In addition, they will do a physical examination and inquire about your general health. Pregnancy tests are likely to be given to you, and you might also get:

• Blood Testing. Your body may be deficient in iron if you bleed as much. A blood test can determine whether that's a concern for you. Additionally, it may indicate the presence of a blood issue, a persistent illness, or an imbalance in your hormones.
• Ultrasound. In order for your doctor to check for fibroids or polyps, this procedure creates images of the interior of your uterus using sound waves.
• Hysteroscopy. Through your cervix, the doctor will insert a tiny, illuminated scope to examine the inside of your uterus.
• Biopsy. The physician might remove a tiny bit of tissue to examine it under a microscope for abnormal cells.
• Magnetic resonance imagining. In this examination, the uterus is imaged in great detail using radio waves and strong magnets. It isn't used very often, although it can help in identifying adenomyosis.

Also Read : Urethritis: Causes, Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications and Prevention

Treatment Of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

The course of treatment will depend on what is causing the abnormal uterine bleeding; if a long-term disease or a blood disorder is what's causing symptoms, addressing those conditions can be helpful.

Your plan to have children may also affect how you are treated. Some therapies may make it unsafe to become pregnant, while others may make it impossible. Your symptoms might improve on their own if you're close to menopause, so the doctor may decide to wait and see the cause of the bleeding.
Your doctor will typically start by prescribing medication. They comprise:

• Hormones-  periods may become lighter and more regular if you use birth control tablets and other hormone therapies.
• GnRHas are agonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. These prevent the body from producing particular hormones. They can temporarily reduce fibroids, although they are typically combined with other therapies.
• NSAIDs. Anti-inflammatories like ibuprofen and naproxen can help lessen bleeding if taken a few days before the start of the period.
• Tranexamic acid- This medication can control severe uterine bleeding and aid in blood clotting.
• IUD. An IUD that delivers the hormone progestin may be able to control severe bleeding in certain women.
• Surgery may occasionally be required to control the bleeding:
• Endometrial ablating. To remove the lining of the uterus, this procedure employs heat, cold, electricity, or a laser. The periods can completely stop as a result. It's likely that you won't be able to conceive after having it done, but it can be harmful if you do. All the way up to menopause, you must utilize birth control.
• Either a myomectomy or uterine artery embolization. Depending on the severity of your fibroids, the doctor may remove them or close the blood arteries that supply them.
• Hysterectomy. Your uterus is taken out at this point. If you have endometrial or uterine cancer or very large fibroids, you might need a hysterectomy. If other therapies have failed, it is a final resort.

Complications Of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding 

Abnormal uterine bleeding often lasts only a short while. Abnormal bleeding typically stops after sex hormones are balanced.

The main effects of excessive bleeding are anemia. Your doctor might prescribe minerals and vitamin supplements if you become anemic as a result of considerable blood loss.

You might require a blood transfusion in extremely rare situations where the bleeding has significantly reduced your blood supply.

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