Emphysema: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Complications

Emphysema is a lung disease that can cause dyspnea. Patients with emphysema have damaged lung sacs or alveoli. As the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture over time, larger air holes are produced rather than many little ones. Because the lungs' surface area is reduced, less oxygen can reach your circulation.

When we exhale, old air is trapped in the defective alveoli, preventing fresh, oxygen-rich air from entering. Most people with emphysema also have chronic bronchitis. A persistent cough is an indication of chronic bronchitis, an inflammation of the tubes that carry air to your lungs, called bronchial tubes.

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two conditions that together make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smoking is the primary cause of COPD. Treatment can slow the progression of COPD, but the damage is irreversible.

Causes Of Emphysema

The main cause of emphysema is extended exposure to airborne allergens, which include:

• Tobacco smoking
• Air pollution from marijuana smoking
• Chemical fumes and dust
• Rarely, a genetic deficiency in a protein that protects the lungs' elastic parts results in emphysema. Lack of alpha-1-antitrypsin This is called emphysema.

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Symptoms Of Emphysema

Emphysema may go years without showing any signs or symptoms. The main sign of emphysema is dyspnea, which usually develops gradually.

You might start to avoid breathlessness as a symptom, so it doesn't become a problem until it starts interfering with daily activities. Emphysema eventually causes dyspnea, even while you're not breathing.

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Risk Factors Of Emphysema

The following factors increase your risk of developing emphysema:

• Smoking: Smokers of cigars or pipes may also be at risk for developing emphysema, even though cigarette smokers are more prone to do so. For all smoker types, the risk increases with the length of time and amount of tobacco smoked.
• Age: Most people who have tobacco-related emphysema begin to show symptoms of the disease between the ages of 40 and 60, despite the fact that the lung damage associated with the condition develops gradually.
• Passive Smoking: Also referred to as ambient tobacco smoke, secondhand smoke is the tobacco smoke that you inadvertently inhale from someone else's cigarette, pipe, or cigar. If someone is exposed to secondhand smoke, their risk of developing emphysema increases.
• Dust exposure or contamination of the air while working: Dust from wood, grain, cotton, or mining materials, as well as some chemical fumes, increase the risk of developing emphysema. Your chance rises considerably further if you smoke.
• Pollution exposure both inside and outside the home: Breathing pollutants such as automobile exhaust or fuel fumes from heating sources increases the risk of developing emphysema.

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Diagnosis Of Emphysema

To find out if you have emphysema, your doctor will examine you physically and ask about your medical history. Your doctor may recommend a variety of tests.

Imaging tests

• A chest X-ray can confirm the diagnosis of advanced emphysema and rule out other potential causes of dyspnea. Nonetheless, the results of the chest X-ray may be normal if you have emphysema.
• Computerized tomography (CT) scans combine X-ray images from many orientations to create cross-sectional images of inside organs. CT scans are useful in the identification and diagnosis of emphysema. You may also be referred for a CT scan if you are a candidate for lung surgery.

Laboratory analyses

It is possible to examine a sample of blood taken from an artery in your wrist to determine how well your lungs absorb and release carbon dioxide from your blood.

Lung function tests

These non-invasive examinations evaluate the efficiency of airflow into and out of your lungs as well as their ability to hold air. They can also determine how successfully your lungs supply oxygen to your bloodstream. Blowing into a small, simple device called a spirometer is one of the most common tests.

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Treatment Of Emphysema

While there isn't a known treatment for COPD or emphysema, there are drugs that can help control symptoms and slow the illness's advancement.

Medications

Depending on the severity of your symptoms, your physician might advise:

• Bronchodilators: These drugs work by relaxing constricted airways, which helps lessen coughing, dyspnea, and breathing problems.
• Inhaled steroids: Aerosol sprays of corticosteroid drugs that are inhaled reduce inflammation and may help with dyspnea.
• Antibiotics: If you have acute bronchitis or pneumonia, which are bacterial illnesses, you should take antibiotics.
• Counseling for lung rehabilitation: A pulmonary rehabilitation course can teach you breathing techniques and exercises that may make you feel less breathless and improve your ability to exercise.
• Nutrition therapy: You'll also receive dietary advice. Many individuals with emphysema in its early stages need to gain weight, and many in its late stages need to lose weight.
• Oxygen: If you have severe emphysema and have low blood oxygen levels, using oxygen often at home and during exercise may assist. Many people regularly take in oxygen. It is usually administered via a little tube that fits into your nostrils.

Surgery

The surgical methods listed below may be recommended by your doctor, based on the severity of your emphysema:

• Surgery to reduce lung capacity: During this procedure, surgeons remove small wedges of damaged lung tissue. When the harmful tissue is removed, the remaining lung tissue may develop and function more efficiently, making breathing easier.
• Lung transplantation: You might qualify for a lung transplant if your lung disease is severe and all other therapies have failed.

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Prevention Of Emphysema

To prevent emphysema, avoid breathing in secondhand smoke and give up smoking. Wear a mask to protect your lungs if you work with dust or chemical fumes.

Complications Of Emphysema

Furthermore, people who have emphysema are more likely to develop:

• Pneumothorax, or collapse of the lungs: Because lung function is already significantly compromised in people with severe emphysema, a collapsing lung can be fatal. Although it is uncommon, when it does occur, it is very serious.
• Heart problems: Emphysema can cause an increase in blood pressure in the arteries that provide blood to the lungs from the heart. This may lead to a disorder called cor pulmonale, in which part of the heart weakens and enlarges.
• The lungs have large holes called bullae: Some emphysema sufferers may develop bullae or empty spaces in the lungs. They could grow to enlarge half the lung. Giant bullae can both lower the quantity and increase your risk.

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