Important One-liners in FMT (Forensic Medicine)

• 82 IPC: A child below 7 years of age is not punishable or liable for any crime.
• Minimum age of criminal responsibility = (gets the 7-year advantage of the Juvenile Justice Act, where juveniles are <18 years).
• But according to the Railway Act, the minimum age of criminal responsibility is 5 years.
• Minimum age of full criminal responsibility = above 18 years.
• The minimum age for giving consent for sex is 18 years.
• IPC for torture is 330.
• Falanga: Beating of soles (the most common method of torture).
• Telephone: Repeated slapping of the sides of the head of the victim (usually ears).
• Picana: Electrical stimulation as torture.
• I-shaped Incision: The most common type of postmortem incision. It starts from the chin to pubic symphysis.
• Y-shaped Incision: The purpose is cosmetic, to preserve the mamillary line. It starts from the acromion process, preserving the
• The mamillary line reaches the breast, then to the xiphi-sternum to pubic and symphysis.
• Virchow's Method: Most common method of postmortem.
• Rokitansky/In-situ Method: It is an inside dissection. It is done in infectious diseases (HIV, hepatitis, COVID-19). It is used in highly transmissible diseases and in infants <1 year.

Also read: FMT Clinical and Non-Clinical Practice Questions for NEET

• Ghon's/en-Block Method (G-B): Targeted block (C/T/A/P) is taken out.
• Lettule's/en-Masses/Evisceration: Large masses (C+T+A+P) are taken out.
• For Insane: 84 IPC-I
• McNaughten Rule: For the criminal responsibility of the insane. It was implemented in 1843
• Currens Rule: An accused person is not criminally responsible if, at the time of committing the act, he did not have the capacity to regulate his conduct to the requirements of the law as a result of mental disease or defect.
• Capgras Syndrome: A familiar person is considered a stranger.
• Fregoli Syndrome: Strangers are considered a familiar person.
• Chronic Effects of Cannabis (Run Amok): A person goes into depression, and then there is a homicidal tendency and then depression leading to suicidal tendencies.
• Kleptomania: Steal articles of low value
• Viability of fetus: capable of survival outside 28 weeks.
• Fodere's test/static: Lung weight becomes two-fold.
• Breslau's first life test
  • Lung float test
  • RAYGAT'S test
  • Hydrostatic test
• Specific gravity of water: 1
• Specific gravity of non-respired lung: 1.04
• Specific gravity of respired lung: 0.94

Also read: Animal Irritant Poison

• If Specific gravity is less than 1 → substance floats
• If Specific gravity is more than 1→ substance sinks
• 92 IPC: Consent in life-threatening or emergency situations.
• 174 IPC: Punishment for not attending the summons.
• 178 IPC-Punishment for not taking an oath or refusing an oath.
• 193 IPC: Punishment for false/fabrication of evidence: Punishment: 7 years.
• 197 IPC: Punishment for the issue-false certificate.
• 201 IPC-Punishment for the disappearance of evidence.
• 269 IPC: By negligence, transmitting any sexually transmitted diseases or HIV, that is, transmission of any fatal disease by negligence.
• 270 IPC: Intentionally transmitting fatal disease.
• A culpable homicide is defined under 299 IPC.
• Culpable homicide can be of two types: Amounting to murder. It is a culpable homicide amounting to murder defined under 300 IPC. Not amounting to murder. It is punishable under 304 IPC.
• S 304 A IPC: Rash or negligent DEATHS.
• S 304 B IPC: Dowry death.
• 312 IPC: Concealment of birth with the consent of the mother.
• 313 IPC: Concealment of birth without the consent of the mother.
• 314 IPC: If there is a mother's death because of complications during birth
• Punishment for Voluntary Causing Hurt, 323 IPC: Punishment: 1 year or ₹1000 fine.
• Punishment for Voluntary Causing Hurt by dangerous Weapon, 324 IPC: Punishment, 3 year
• Punishment for Voluntary Causing Grievous Hurt, 325 IPC: Punishment, 7 years
• Punishment for Voluntary Causing Grievous Hurt by a Dangerous Weapon (326 IPC): Punishment: 10 years.
• Acid attack (326A) IPC: Minimum punishment: 10 years to life imprisonment.
• Acid attempt: 326B IPC: Minimum punishment: 5-7 years.
• Posthumous Child: Child born after the death of parents (father).
• A case of disputed paternity is known as an affiliation case.

Also read: NEET PG 2025: High-Yield Topics For Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

MTP Act (Medical Termination of Pregnancy)

Consent is taken from Mother (female) (age more than or equal to 18 years). Confidentiality (punishment): 1 year or fine or both. Firstly, abortion is to be done up to 20 weeks now; it is done up to 24 weeks. If it is done for up to 20 weeks, then 1 doctor will be there. If it is done up to 20 to 24 weeks, then 2 doctors will be there.

• IPC 376 A - COMA: Life imprisonment, Sentence to death
• IPC 376 B: Bride during separation: Imprisonment for 2 to 7 years
• IPC 376 C: Authority: Imprisonment for 5 to 7 years
• IPC 376 D: Two (Do) or more: Imprisonment for 20 years or Life imprisonment
• IPC 376 E: Excessive severe/repeat offense: Life imprisonment or Sentence to death
• Sadism/algolagnia: Getting satisfied by giving pain to a partner
• Masochism/passive algolagnia: Getting satisfied by receiving pain from a partner
• Necrophilia: Sex with a dead body
• Necrophagia: Eating dead body parts.
• Punishable under 297 IPC up to 1 year
• Exhibitionism: Showing private parts, Punishable for 3 months under 294 IPC
• Transvestism: Another name: eonism, common in males, wearing clothes of the opposite sex.
• Fetichism: common in males, satisfied with inanimate objects (bra and underpants) of the opposite sex.
• Scatalogia: Obscene telephone calls.
• Nymphomania: excessive sexual desire in females.
• Satyriasis: Increased sexual desire in males.
• Teichmann test: Type of crystals: Hemin Cl crystals/Hematin Cl crystals (like Heman and also NaCl is used). Brown rhombic dark crystals are seen.
• Takayama test: Type of crystals: hemo-chromogen crystal. Pink feathery crystals.
• Florence Test: Detects choline crystals (Dark brown rhombic crystals)
• Barberio test: Detects spermine crystals (yellow needle-shaped crystals); type of crystal is spermine picrate.

Also read: Forensic Ballistics: Study of Firearms and Projectile Trajectories

EDH

In NC-CT EDH is a hyperdense area. It is a biconvex or lenticular shape. EDH is exclusively caused by trauma. It is on the temporal site. The main part is pterion.

Most Common Organ Damage by:

1. Blunt Trauma: Spleen

2. Penetrating Trauma: Liver

3. Blast: Tympanic Membrane

Post-mortem Findings of Hanging:

• The ligature mark is oblique.
• Both pressure and pattern abrasions are seen.
• Sometimes it forms a pattern, so it can be patterned abrasion.
• In up to 85% of cases, it goes above the thyroid, & in 10% at the thyroid, the remaining 5% below the thyroid.
• M/c finding of antemortem hanging is dribbling of saliva (it is on opposite side of the knot)

Also read: Infanticide: Causes, Implications, and Prevention

Wet Drowning/Typical Drowning/Primary Drowning:

Freshwater Drowning:

Hypotonic fluid→ Pulmonary Capillaries → Hemodilution. To neutralize fluid, RBCs are lysed and liberate K+, causing hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia causes ventricular fibrillation → Cardiac arrest. Fatal period is 5 min.

Sea / Saltwater Drowning (contains Na, Mg, and Cl):

Hypertonic fluid→ Pulmonary capillaries→ hemoconcentration. Pulmonary edema is caused by the retention of fluid in alveoli from blood, which can cause respiratory distress. Can cause hypernatremia, Bradycardia, & cardiac arrest. Fatal period is 10 min.

Cadaveric Spasm (exclusively ante-mortem event)

Color changes:

• Carbon monoxide poisoning→ Cherry-red.
• Cyanide poisoning: bright or brick red.
• Hypothermia → Pink.
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) → Blue green.
• Opium → Black.
• Phosphorus or potassium chlorate (KCLO3) → Chocolate brown.
• Nitrites, nitrobenzene, aniline → Chocolate brown.
  • Aniline may produce a blue color.
  • Chocolate brown color formed due to methemoglobin.
• Clostridium perfringens → Bronze.
• Methanol poisoning → Purple

Also read: Sexual Offenses and Their Types - PrepLadder

Marbling

• Discoloration of prominent superficial veins to green-brown color. Corresponds to the vascular channel. Mechanism: Clostridium welchii bacteria form hydrogen sulfide gas in the superficial veins, forming green-brown sulfhemoglobin. Starts in 24 hours. Prominent in 36-48 hours. Adipocere Smell: Seen in warm, humid climates or if the body is immersed in water. It produces an ammoniacal, offensive, or sweetish smell like rancid butter. Mummification Smell: Seen in dry and hot climates leading to dehydration of the body.
• Implied Consent: Implied consent is consent that is not given explicitly but which can be inferred based on the individual's actions/gestures and the facts of a particular situation.
• Informed Consent: A consent taken after all details, risks, and benefits have been explained to the patient by qualified personnel. The best informed consent is a written consent.
• Blanket Consent: Open / Blind consent. Single consent can be taken for multiple procedures. It is not valid in India.
• The ideal homicidal poison is Thallium.
• The most commonly used homicidal poisons are arsenic and aconite.
• The most commonly used preservative for viscera is sodium chloride (common salt)—its saturated solution.
• Ideal preservative: reconstituted spirit (95% percent ethanol).
• Ideal preservative for blood: sodium fluoride.
• Ideal preservatives for urine: toluene and thymol.
• Fruity/sweet smell: from ethanol, chloroform.
• Acrid smell: from paraldehyde, chloral hydrate.
• Rotten eggs smell/sewage gas smell: H2S.
• Rotten fish smell: aniline.
• Kerosene odor smell: Organophosphate = Aromax.
• Fishy or musty smell: aluminum, zinc phosphide.
• Bitter almonds smell CN-(cyanide)
• Burnt rope smell: cannabis.
• Shoe polish smell: Nike = Nitrobenzene
• Garlic
  • Arsenic:
  • Phosphorus (pizza) = Thallium
  • Some organophosphate, parathion = Tellurium

Also read: INI-CET High Yield Questions for FMT

Antidotes in Different Poisoning

• Paracetamol-N-acetyl cysteine.
• Methanol.
  • Ethanol, a better antidote
  • Fomepizole
• CO poisoning: hyperbaric oxygen
• Benzodiazepine -Flumazenil.
• Opiates: Naloxone, Naltrexone, or Nalmefene.
• Organophosphorus
  • Atropine
  • Oxime
• Cyanide (PYQ)
  • Amyl nitrate
  • Sodium Nitrite
  • Sodium Thiosulphate
  • All these are called triple antidotes or Lilly's antidotes.
• Thallium
  • Prussian blue
• Methemoglobinemia
  • Methylene Blue

Cannabis

• Charas: It is a resin of the plant.
• Ganja: Flowering top of the female plant.
• Bhang, Siddhi, or Sabji: prepared form of the cannabis plant.
• Street names of cannabis: marijuana, weed, hemp, grass, rope, hash.

Also read: Lightning Injuries: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Opium

• Heroin: Semi-synthetic product of opium: Diacetyl morphine.
• Various names of Heroin are: Junk , Dope , Smack , Brown Sugar.
• Scorpion, Spider, and Krait: All produce neurotoxin.
• Scorpion: Uncontrolled release of catecholamine & causes autonomic storm.
• Scorpion bite treatment: Alpha Blocker (Prazosin).
• Russell viper venom: Vasculotoxic
• Saw Scaled Viper: Coiled around, giving a rustling sound.

Snake Bite Treatment

• ASV + Neostigmine + Atropine + Mechanical ventilation: For cobra bite.
• ASV Route: IV
• Rate: 1-2 mL/kg
• Doses: 8-10 vials

Neostigmine: 1.5mg

• Anticholinesterase (increase the acute-cholinergic effect).
• Reduce respiratory failure.
• Action: Post synaptic toxin action
• Atropine: 0.6 mg: To control the muscarinic effect of anti-cholinesterase
• ASV, FFP, and surgical debridement: done in viper bite.
• Assistant Session Court: Maximum punishment is for 10 years, and Penalty is unlimited
• Chief judicial magistrate (CMM/MM): Maximum punishment is for 7 years and Penalty is unlimited
• 1st class judicial magistrate: maximum punishment is 3 years and Penalty is 10000 rs.
• 2nd class judicial magistrate: Maximum punishment is 1 year and penalty is 5000 rs.
• Direct evidence is evidence that directly proves a fact.
• Indirect Evidence: Collateral facts from which the inference may be drawn
• Hearsay evidence is not valid in the Indian rule.
• The dying declaration is valid in the case of the hearsay evidence.

Also read: Copper Poisoning: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

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