Important One-Liners in Public Health & Community Medicine (PSM)
Nov 25, 2024
Navigate Quickly
New Energy Guidelines
Food Adulteration
Unit of Study
Contraindication of OCP.
International Organization
HIV Management
Population Norm
ASHA Workers:
National Immunisation Schedule
Adverse Events
Point Source, Single Exposure Common Source Continuous exposure Propagated epidemic - Rapid rise & Rapid fall of cases
- Occurs over one IP
- Explosive in nature - Eg: Food poisoning, Bhopal gas tragedy- Gradual smooth rise and gradual fall of cases
- Occurs over multiple IP
- Nonexplosive in nature
- Eg: Contaminated well, commercial sex worker- Gradual, unsmooth rise of cases with multiple spurts
- Occurs over multiple IPs.
- Nonexplosive in nature
- Eg: Polio, Covid
- Constant presence of disease in a population—endemic
- Disease occurring clearly in excess of normal expectancy is epidemic
- in addition to it, the following definitions are also given for it:
- occurrence of a single case of a previously eliminated disease
- occurrence of a single case of an exotic disease
- Disease has crossed at least 2 continents or 2 WHO-specific regions
- Live Vaccines
- Mnemonic: I LOVE CHICK EMBRYO
- Influenza (Nasal)
- Chickenpox (Oka stain)
- Jap. Encephalitis (SA-14-14-2)
- Measles (Edmonston Zagreb)
- BCG (Danish 1331 strain)
- Yellow fever
- Rotavirus
- OPV
- Prevention of occurrence of risk factors – Primordial
- Prevention of occurrence of disease—Primary
- Prevention of occurrence of complications from disease—Secondary
- Prevention of occurrence of disability or fertility (tertiary) due to a complication from the disease
| PQLI | HDI |
| - Infant mortality rate - Life expectancy at 1 year - Literacy rate - Score 0-100 - Current score: 65 | - Knowledge Index - Gross national income - Life expectancy at Birth - Score 0-1 - Current score – 0.633 - Rank – 132 - Given by United Nations Development program |
| Vitamin A Deficiency classification | Primary signs |
| X1A | Conjunctival xerosis |
| X1B | Bitot's spots |
| X2 | Corneal xerosis |
| X3A | Corneal ulceration |
| X3B | Keratomalacia |
| Secondary Signs | |
| XN | Night Blindness |
| XF | Fundal Changes |
| XS | Corneal scarring |
- Most common sign of Vitamin A deficiency: conjunctival xerosis
- Most specific sign of vitamin A Deficiency is Bitot's spots
- Most common presentation of Vitamin A deficiency: night blindness
Also read: Doctor-Patient Relations, Health Economics, and Social Security
New Energy Guidelines
Adult Man Adult woman Sedentary 2110 1660 Moderate 2710 2130 Heavy 3970 2720
Additional Requirements
Pregnancy +350 (According to NIN) in all 3 trimesters Lactation
0-6 months +600
7-12 months +320
In pregnancy, the first-trimester requirement is usually less, but excess calorie intake in the first trimester will worsen nausea and vomiting. Hence,
| Pregnancy | Extra calories to be added |
| 1 trimester | No extra calories |
| 2 trimester | 230-270 kcal/day |
| 3 trimester | 390-460 kcal/day |
| Increased nutrients required during Pregnancy | Iron, folic acid, protein, zinc |
| Increased nutrients required during lactation | Ca, Vit A, Vit C, Iodine, Carbohydrate |
- Protein requirement per day is 0.83 g/kg/day.
- Normal fluorine: 0.5-0.8 mg/l
- Dental fluorosis: >1.5 mg/l
- Skeletal fluorosis: 3-6 mg/l
- Crippling fluorosis: >10 mg/l
Also read: FMGE Previous Year Questions for PSM
Food Adulteration
Adulterant Food item Management Neuro lathyrism Toxin: beta-oxalyl amino alanine in khesari dal Kesari Dal mixed with arhar dal Vit C, Par boring Ban crop Epidemic dropsy Sanguinarine in argemone oil Mustard oil mixed with argemone oil Paper chromatography test Endemic ascites Pyrrolizidine is crotolaria, jhunjhunia seeds Millets Deweeding of jhunjhunia, filtration, sieving
- Prophylactic iron and folic acid administration
| Beneficiary | Iron requirement | Folic Acid | Schedule |
| 6-9 months | 20mg | 100mcg | Weekly |
| 5-9 yrs | 45mg | 400mcg | Weekly |
| 10-19 yrs | 60mg | 500mcg | Weekly |
| Reproductive-age women | 60mg | 500mcg | Weekly |
| Pregnant and Lactating women | 60mg | 500mcg | Daily |
- The time interval between entry of organisms and appearance of first sign and symptoms—incubation period
- IP for Noncommunicable disease—latent period
- The first case of infection origin introduced is the population – Primary case.
- Cases developing following exposure to a primary case – Secondary case
- Time Interval between the occurrence of primary case and secondary case – Serial interval
- Time Interval between entry of organism and maximum infectivity – Generation time
Also read: Spectrum of Disease and The Iceberg Phenomenon
Unit of Study
Type of Study Unit Ecological/Correlational Population Cross-Sectional Individual Case-control/case reference Individual Cohort Individual Randomized control trials Patient Field trial Individual Community trail Community
- Forrest's plot is drawn for meta-analysis.
- Funnel plot is drawn for both meta-analysis
- Systematic Review
Contraindication of OCP.
- Absolute contraindication of OCP: (Mnemonic: CULT)
- Cancers: Breast and genital
- Cardiac abnormalities
- Congenital hyperlipidemia
- Undiagnosed abnormal uterine bleeding
- Liver disease
- Thromboembolism—past or present history
- Drug of choice for emergency contraception: Levonorgestrel-only pill (15 mg tab taken within 72 hrs)
- Best choice of emergency contraception—IUD
- Horrocks Apparatus
- To estimate the chlorine demand of water
- Indicator: Starch iodide
- majority of disinfecting property of chlorine is due to hypochlorous acid
- Occupational health
- Byssinosis–Textile industry
- Bagassosis-Cane sugar factor
- Silicosis: Sandstone industry
- Asbestosis: Lower lobe involved
Also read: Screening of Disease - NEET PG PSM
International Organization
HQ Functions United Nations UNDP New York Formed SDG Formed SDG, HD UNICEF New York GOBI-FFF FLO GENEVA Labor FAO ROME Food, forest, fisheries, nutrition USAID Washington Family planning, TB, and HIV program World Bank Washington Assist financially International Red Cross Geneva War Victims, First acid
HIV Management
- Treatment: Daily FDC tablets for HIV positives
- Adults: Tenofovir + Lomivudine + Delutegrovie
- Children: Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Dolvtegrane
- Newborn: Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Raltegraes
- In the case of HIV-TB coinfection, the patient is always started first on ATT, followed by ART after 2 weeks.
- MDR TB: Resistant to Rifampicin and isoniazid
- Pre XDR TB: Resistant to INH + Rif + any fluroquinolone
- XDR TB: Resistant to INH + Rif + any FQ + any second-line injectable drugs
- Minimum number of antenatal visits as per GOI guidelines = 4
- Minimum number of antenatal visits as per WHO = 8
Population Norm
Subcentre 1/5000 (plain) 1/3000 (Hilly area) MPW(M), MPW, ANM PHC 1/30000 1/20000 MO, HA(M) CHC 1/120000 1/80000 Specialists HS(M), HS(F)
- 1 ophthalmologist for 5 CHC
Also read: How to prepare Medicine for FMG Exam?
ASHA Workers:
- Women Residents of local area 25-45 years of age
- Selected by village panchayat under the supervision of the medical officer
- Educational criteria: 10th pass
National Immunisation Schedule
Birth BCG, OPV∘, Hep B 6 Week Opv₁, RV₁, Penta, FIPV₁ , PCV 10 Week Opv₁, RV₂, Penta 2₂ 14 week Opv₃, RV₃, Penta₃, FIPV₂ PCV₂ 9 completed months MR, JE₁ FIPV₃ PCV Booster, Vit A 16-24 months MR₂ JE₂ opv booster , DPT Booster 5-6 yrs DPT2nd Booster 10-16 yrs Td₁, Td 2₂
- Vit A – 1 ml or 1 lakh IU @ 9 months, then after every 6 months till 5 years of age 2ml or 2 lakh IU given
- Primi or multi with last childbirth > 3 years ago: 2 doses of Td vaccine given st
- 1st dose-ASAP in pregnancy
- 2nd dose—28 days later
- Multi with last childbirth <3yrs – Booster ID @ 7th month of pregnancy
- Vaccines following open vial policy
| Mnemonic | All T-series vaccines | PI0 |
| DPT | PCV | |
| Td | IPV | |
| Penta | Opv | |
| Hep B | ||
| Rotavirus | ||
| JENVAC |
- JENVAC is given under NIS for Japanese encephalitis. It is a killed vaccine.
- JE (Live) vaccine (SA-14-14-2) is not given under NIS
- Vaccines that don't follow open vial policy
- BCG, MR, YF, JE (live)
Also read: Important Health & Disease Questions for PSM Exam Prep
Adverse Events
Influenza (inactivated) GBS TT, Td Brachial Neuritis OPV Paralysis Hep B > DPT Hypersensitivity, shock Measles Toxic shock syndrome, febrile seizures Rotavirus Intussusception Pertussis Inconsolable crying, high fever, HHE BCG Osteomyelitis, Lymphadenopathy MMR Thrombocytopenia
To study this topic in depth and other PSM topics, download the PrepLadder app and find high-quality preparation content. for FMG Exam.
PrepLadder Medical
Get access to all the essential resources required to ace your medical exam Preparation. Stay updated with the latest news and developments in the medical exam, improve your Medical Exam preparation, and turn your dreams into a reality!
Top searching words
The most popular search terms used by aspirants
- FMGE PSM Preparation
- PSM Preparation
PrepLadder 6.0 for FMGE
Avail 24-Hr Free Trial